RECORDED BATTLES FOUGHT IN THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT - List of Battles of Rajasthan

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                           AKBARNAMA  IN ENGLISH


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                 RECORDED   BATTLES  FOUGHT 
                              IN
         THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT




List of Battles of Rajasthan
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_of_Rajasthan ]

Several significant battles are recorded to have taken place in what is now known as Rajasthan. Almost all of these were between Rajputs and foreign invaders viz. Turks, Afghans & Mughals. In most of these battles Rajputs were victorious and had significant role in weakening of invaders who had already established their rule in Delhi.

Contents

  [hide] 

• 1Against the Ghurid's
• 2Against the Sultanate's of Delhi,Gujarat and Malwa
• 3Against the Mughal Empire
• 4Post Mughal rule
• 5References
  
  
  
  

  Against the Ghurid's

  
  
  
  
  • Battle of Kasahrada (1178) - Mularaja II of Solanki Dynasty defeated Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad Ghori.^[1][2][3]
  
  

  Against the Sultanate's of Delhi,Gujarat and Malwa

  
  
  
  
  • Siege of Ranthambore (1226) - Iltutmish captured the fort in 1226 CE.^[4]
  
  
  • Siege of Ranthambore (1236) - Vagbhata Chauhan recaptured Ranthambore during the reign of the Delhi ruler Razia.^[4]
  
  
  • Siege of Ranthambore (1248) - Vagabhata Chauhan successfully defended the fort against Nasir ud din Mahmud.^[4]
  
  
  • Siege of Ranthambore (1253) - Vagbhata Chauhan repelled another invasion from the Mamluks.^[4]
  
  
  • Siege of Ranthambore (1259) -Nasir ud din Mahmud captured Ranthambore from Jaitra singh Chauhan.
  
  
  • Siege of Ranthambore (1283) -Shakti Dev Chauhan recaptured Ranthambore from the Mamluks.
  
  
  • Battle of Ranthambore (1290) - Jalaluddin Firuz Khalji attacked Hammir deo because of his rising power. Jalaludin's forces were defeated by Hammir.
  
  
  • Siege of Jaisalmer (1294-1295) - Alauddin Khalji commanded the Khilji army under Jalaluddin Firuz Khalji and plundered Jaisalmer after a siege that lasted for a year. For some years afterwards Jaisalmer remained abandoned before the surviving Bhati's reoccupied it.^[5]
  
  
  • Siege of Ranthombore (1301) – Hammiradeva defeated Alauddin Khalji's generals Ulugh Khan and Nusrat Khan; later, Alauddin defeated Hammiradeva.
  
  
  • Siege of Chittor (1303) – Alauddin Khalji defeated Rawal Ratan Singh.
  
  
  • Siege of Siwana (1308) – Malik Kamaluddin a general of Alauddin Khalji defeated Sheetal deo.
  
  
  • Battle of Jalore (1310–11) – Alauddin Khalji defeated Kanhad deo after a long and bloody war.^[6]
  
  
  • Battle of Chittor (1321) - Rana Hammir Singh defeated the Tughlaq dynasty and recovered Mewar.^[7]
  
  
  • Battle of Singoli (1336) – Rana Hammir Singh defeated Muhammad bin Tughluq and annexed Ajmer, Ranthambhore, Nagor and Shivapuri. The Tughlaq dynasty was forced to pay 5,000,000 Tankas for the safe passage of their sultan.^[8]
  
  
  • Battle of Sirohi (1434) - Rana Kumbha defeated Rao Sahasmal Deora and captured Basaritgarh, Bhula and areas of Abu.^[9]
  
  
  • Siege of Mandalgarh (1435-6) - Rana Kumbha captured Mandalgarh fort from Rao Bairisal Hada. ^[10]
  
  
  • Battle of Mandalgarh and Banas (1442-1446) - A series of battles that took place between Mahmud Khalji of Malwa and Rana Kumbha of Mewar. bloodied by these engagements the Sultan did not attack Mewar for another ten years.^[11][12]
  
  
  • Siege of Gagron (February 1444) - Sultan Mahmud besieged Gagron which belonged to Palhan Singh Khichi. Rana Kumbha had sent reinforcements under his commander Dahir, but Dahir died in battle and Palhan was killed by bhils while fleeing from the fort. ^[13]
  
  
  • Siege of Mandore (1454) - Rao Jodha recaptured Mandore from Rana Kumbha.^[14]
  
  
  • Battle of Abu (1455) - Qutbuddin sent Imadul Mulk to invade Mewar through Abu, but Imadul suffered heavy losses against the Mewari soldiers posted on the hills and was immediately called back.^[15]
  
  
  • Battle of Nagaur (1456) - Rana Kumbha defeated the combined armies of Shams Khan (sultan of Nagaur) and Qutbuddin (Sultan of Gujarat) and captured Nagaur, Kasili, Khandela and shakambhari.^[16]
  
  
  • Battle of Mandalgarh (1456) - Sultan Mahmud attacked Mandalgarh, he sent 7 detachments to attack the fort from multiple directions. The Malwa forces under Taj Khan and Ali Khan suffered heavy losses in battle after which Mahmud retreated the next morning.^[17]
  
  
  • Siege of Mandalgarh (December 1456-October 1457) - In December Rana Kumbha was forced to move north to confront the sultan of Gujarat, Sultan Mahmud once again besieged Mandalgarh and captured it after a siege. ^[18]
  
  
  • Siege of Kumbalgarh (1458-9) - Sultan Mahmud besieged Kumbalgarh but finding the fort too strong he retreated back to Mandu. ^[19]
  
  
  • Battle of ?? (1467) - Sultan Mahmud attacked Rana Kumbha but retreated after taking heavy losses. This was the last battle fought between the two rivals.^[20]
  
  
  • Battle of Peepar (1492) - Rao Satal defeated Gudhla Khan, an Afghan general and rescued 140 maidens that had been captured. Rao Satal himself died that night of the wounds received in the battle.^[21]
  
  
  • Battle of Khatoli (1518) – Rana Sanga defeated Ibrahim Lodhi.
  
  
  • Battle of Dholpur (1519) - Rana Sanga defeated Ibrahim Lodhi.
  
  
  • Battle of Gagron (1519) – Rana Sanga defeated Mahmud Khalji of Malwa.
  
  
  • Siege of Mandsaur (1520) - Sultan Muzaffar Shah II sent an army under Malik Ayaz but failed and retreated to Gujarat.^[22]
  
  
  • Siege of Chittor (1524) - The combined armies of Muzaffar Shah II and Mahmud Khalji II laid siege to Chittor. Rana Sanga avoided a direct conflict with the Sultans and chose diplomacy instead by sending one of his sons as hostage to Gujarat.^[23]
  
  
  • Battle of Ghalote (1525) - Rana Sanga defeated Ibrahim Lodi.^[24]
  
  
  • Battle of Khanwa (1527) - Rana Sanga led the Rajput armies against Babur of Ferghana, but was defeated due to treachery by Silhadi of Raisen.
  
  
  • Battle of Sammel (1544) – Sher Shah Suri's Pyrrhic victory against the army of Jaita and Kumpa.^[25]
  
  
  • Battle of Harmada (1557) - Maldeo Rathore defeated Udai Singh II and captured Merta.^[26][27]
  
  

  Against the Mughal Empire

  
  
  
  
  • Battle of Ajmer (1559) - Akbar's general Qasim Khan annexed Ajmer from Maldeo Rathore.^[28]
  
  
  • Battle of Merta (1562) - Akbar with the help of Rajas from Bikaner and Amer defeated Rao Chandra Sen and captured Merta.
  
  
  • First Mughal Invasion of Marwar (1562-1583) - Akbar invaded Marwar and occupied Jodhpur. The ruler Rao Chandra Sen continued his struggle until his death in 1581 after which Marwar submitted to Mughal rule in 1583.^[29]
  
  
  • Siege of Chittorgarh (1567) – Emperor Akbar defeated Rao Jaimal and Patta (Udai Singh II escaped with his family to Udaipur)
  
  
  • Siege of Ranthambore (1568) - A successful siege by Mughal Emperor Akbar causes the Rajput leader Rao Surjan Hada to surrender Ranthambore Fort.
  
  
  • Siege of Siwana (1572) - In 1572 the powerful fort of Siwana which served as Rao Chandrasens capital was captured by the Mughals after a siege of 8 months. Raja Rai Singh of Bikaner personally led the Mughal army in the storming of the fort and was commended for his bravery by the Padshah.^[30]
  
  
  • Battle of Haldighati (1576) – Man Singh (the commander of Akbar) defeated Maharana Pratap.
  
  
  • Battle of Dewair (1582) - Maharana Pratap attacked a Mughal stronghold this resulted in the flight of the Mughal soldiers and the closing of all the 36 Mughal posts in Mewar.
  
  
  • Battle of Dewar (1606) - Fought in a valley 40 km from Kumbalgarh. Rana Amar Singh defeated and killed Sultan Khan, the Mughal prince Muhammad Parviz fled from the battlefield with his commander Asaf Khan.^[31][32]
  
  
  • Second Mughal Invasion of Marwar (1679-1707) - Auranzeb took Marwar under his direct control after the death of Maharaja Jaswant Singh. The Rathore army under Durgadas Rathore carried out a relentless struggle against the occupying forces. In 1707 after the death of Aurangzeb, Durgadas defeated the local Mughal force and reoccupied Jodhpur and their lost territories.^[33]
  
  
  • Battle of Udaipur (1680) - Aurangzeb attacked Mewar and plundered Udaipur, the citizens were safely escorted to the aravalli hills by Rana Raj Singh but 63 temples in and around Udaipur were plundered and many villages were burned down by Aurangzebs general Taj Khan. The Mughal army was eventually starved out of Mewar because of the scorched earth techniques and guerrilla warfare used by the Rana. Aurangzeb after a failed campaign left Mewar to his son Akbar and retreated to Ajmer.^[34]
  
  
  • Battle of Aravalli hills (1680) - In the second half of 1680, after several months of such setbacks, Aurangzeb decided on an all-out offensive. Niccolao Manucci, an Italian gunner in the Mughal army, says: "for this campaign, Aurangzeb put in pledge the whole of his kingdom." Three separate armies, under Aurangzeb's sons Akbar, Azam and Muazzam, penetrated the Aravalli hills from different directions. However, their artillery lost its effectiveness while being dragged around the rugged hills and both Azam and Muazzam were defeated by the Rajputs under Durgadas Rathore and Rana Raj Singh.^[35]
  
  
  • Battle of Jodhpur (1707) - Durgadas Rathore took advantage of the disturbances following the death of Aurangzeb in 1707 to seize Jodhpur and eventually evict the occupying Mughal force out of Marwar.^[36]
  
  
  • Battle of Amer (January 1708) - Bahadur Shah I marched with a large army and annexed Amer without a war.^[37]
  
  
  • Battle of Merta (February 1708) - Bahadur Shah I's general Mihrab Khan defeated Ajit Singh of Marwar and once again occupied Jodhpur.^[38]
  
  
  • Rajput Rebellion (September 1708) - The three Rajput Raja's of Amber, Udaipur and Jodhpur made a joint resistance to the Mughals. The Rajputs first expelled the commandants of Jodhpur and Bayana and recovered Amer by a night attack. They next killed Sayyid Hussain Khan Barha, the commandant of Mewat and many other officers. Bahadur Shah I, then in the Deccan was forced to patch up a truce with the Rajput Rajas.^[39]

  Post Mughal rule

  
  
  • Battle of Gangwana (1741) - 1,000 Rathor cavaliers of Bhakt Singh fought a combined army of a 100,000 men consisting of Mughals, Kachwahas, Chauhans, Jadauns and Jats. In this battle Bhakt Singh was defeated but his cavalry charge killed and injured thousands of his foes. Sir Jadunath Sarkar quotes that - "the battle front was like tigers upon a flock of sheep". According to Harcharandas more than 12,000 men were slain in the battlefield.^{[41][42][43][44]}

  
  

  • Battle of Rajmahal (1747) - Ishwari Singh Kachwaha defeated Khande Rao Holkar.^[45]

  
  

  • Battle of Bagru (1748) - Ishwari Singh Kachwaha supported by Jats under Suraj Mal defeated Madho Singh I who was supported by the Marathas under Malhar Rao Holkar.^[46]

  
  

  • Battle of Raona (1750) - The Mughal Empire invaded Marwar but were repelled by the armies of Raja Ram singh Rathore and Ishwari Singh Kachwaha.^[47]

  
  

  • Battle of Luniawas (1750)- Bhakt Singh defeated and usurped the throne of Marwar from his nephew Ram Singh.^[48]

  
  

  • Battle of Maonda and Mandholi (1767) - Jaipur forces defeat the forces of Bharatpur.^[49]

  
  

  • Battle of Kama (1768) - Madho Singh I invaded Bharatpur at the head of 16,000 men where he defeated Jawahar Singh again on 29 February 1768.^[50][51]

  
  

  • Battle of Tunga or Battle of Lalsot (1787) - Combined forces of Jaipur and Jodhpur fought an indecisive battle with the Maratha forces of Mahadaji Shinde.^[52]

  
  

  • Battle of Patan (1790) - The Battle of Patan was fought on 20 June 1790 between the Scindia's of Gwalior and the Rajputs of Jaipur, and resulted in a decisive Maratha victory.

  
  

  • Battle of Merta (1790) - Mahadaji Scindia defeated Maharaja Vijay Singh.

  
  

  • Battle of Malpura (1800) - Maharaja Sawai Pratap Singh was defeated by Daulat Rao Sindhia^[53]

  
  

  • Siege of Mehrangarh (1806) - Man Singh of Marwar defeated the invading armies of Jaipur, Mewar and Bikaner so comprehensively that Jagat Singh of Jaipur had to pay a sum of Rs. 2,00,000 to secure his safe passage. In honour of Man Singhs victory over Jaipur the Jai Pol, or victory gate was built in the fort in 1808.^[54]

  
  

  • Siege of Auwa (September 1857-January 1858) - Kushal singh Rathore, a noble of Jodhpur joined the Indian Rebellion of 1857 against the British Empire, he killed captain Mason and defeated a british army of 2,000 men under brigadier Lawrence. Another army of 30,000 men under colonel Holmes forced Kushal Singh to retreat to his fort in Auwa. Holmes beseiged the Auwa fort and breached it after 6 months of siege. Kushal Singh was able to escape to Udaipur. Auwa was then confiscated by the British until the death of Kushal Singh in 1864.^[55]
  
  
  References:
  
  
  1. 1 Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956, pp. 131-132.
  2. Jump up2^ Dasharatha Sharma 1959, p. 138.
  3. Jump up3^ R. B. Singh 1964, p. 259.
  4. 4^ Jump up to:^a b c d Sen 1999, p. 336.
  5. Jump up5^ Beny & Matheson, p. 149.
  6. Jump up6^ Maheshwari, Hiralal (1980). History of Rajasthani Literature. Sahitya Akademi. p. 17.
  7. Jump up7^ Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 116–117. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
  8. Jump up8^ The History of Qurana Turks pg. 358
  9. Jump up9^ Rajasthan through the ages vol 5, pg 36.
  10. Jump up10^ Rajasthan through the ages vol 5, pg 5.
  11. Jump up11^ A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books.
  12. Jump up12^ Har Bilas Sarda "Maharana Kumbha: sovereign, soldier, scholar" pg 47
  13. Jump up13^ Rajasthan through the ages vol 5, pg 4.
  14. Jump up14^ Rajasthan through the ages vol 5, pg 30.
  15. Jump up15^ Rajasthan through the ages vol 5, pg 18.
  16. Jump up16^ A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 116–117
  17. Jump up17^ Rajasthan through the ages vol 5, pg 9.
  18. Jump up18^ Rajasthan through the ages vol 5, pg 11.
  19. Jump up19^ Rajasthan through the ages vol 5, pg 12.
  20. Jump up20^ Rajasthan through the ages vol 5, pg 12.
  21. Jump up21^ Indian States a biographical, sustainable and administrative survey by jw solomon
  22. Jump up22^ The Hindupat, the Last Great Leader of the Rajput Race. 1918. Reprint. London pg 84-86
  23. Jump up23^ Tarikh -i Daudi Farid bin Hasan Sur entitled Shir Shah fol 114
  24. Jump up24^ Akbarnama II pg 72
  25. Jump up25^ Jodhpur Khyat pg 76
  26. Jump up26^ Akbarnama II pg 46
  27. Jump up27^ Studies in Mughal History pg 91 by Ashwini Agrawal
  28. Jump up28^ Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II pg-120, by Satish Chandra
  29. Jump up29^ Rajsamand (2001), District Gazetteers, Rajasthan, p. 35, The battle of Dewar was fought in a valley of Arvali about 40 km north -east of Kumbhalgarh. ... Prince Amar Singh fought valiantly and pierced through Sultan Khan and the horse he was riding.
  30. Jump up30^ A military history of medieval India, 2003, p. 530, Prince Pravez and Asaf Khan led an army of 20,000 horse which fought a battle against Rana Amar Singh at Dewar
  31. Jump up31^ The Cambridge History of India pg 248-304
  32. Jump up32^ Maharana Raj Singh and His Times By Ram Sharma
  33. Jump up33^ Storia do Mogor By Niccolao Manucci
  34. Jump up34^ Cambridge history of India pg. 304
  35. Jump up35^ Irvine, p. 47.
  36. Jump up36^ Irvine, p. 48.
  37. Jump up37^ The Cambridge History of India, Volume 3 pg 322
  38. Jump up38^ AKhbarat, Kartik Sudi 5, Samvat, 1765 (7 October 1708) quoted by U.N. Sharma, Itihas, I, 215, 212-215
  39. Jump up39^ Kamwar, II, 315
  40. Jump up40^ Dwivedi 2003, p. 61
  41. Jump up41^ A History of Jaipur pg-200 by Jadunath Sarkar
  42. Jump up42^ Fall of the Mughal Empire pg-139-140 by Jadunath Sarkar
  43. Jump up43^ Harcharandas in Chahar Gulzar 377b-379b
  44. Jump up44^ James Tod Marwar ii, chapter 11
  45. Jump up45^ Rajasthan Through the Ages pg 182
  46. Jump up46^ Rajasthan through the Ages vol 4 pg.188
  47. Jump up47^ Rajasthan through the Ages vol 4 pg.189
  48. Jump up48^ Rajasthan through the Ages vol 4 pg.196
  49. Jump up49^ History of Jaipur by Jadunath Sarkar pg. 256
  50. Jump up50^ The Rajputana gazetteers - 1880
  51. Jump up51^ History of Jaipur by Jadunath Sarkar pg. 256
  52. Jump up52^ Jacques, Tony. Dictionary of Battles and Sieges pg 565
  53. Jump up53^ A history of Jaipur pg 310 by Jadunath Sarkar
  54. Jump up54^ James Tod Marwar ii, chapter 11
  55. Jump up55^ Political Awakening and Indian Freedom Movement with Special Reference to Rajasthan pg 28-35